Birthstones

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Birthstones are special stones associated with each month of the year and are fun. But, they also have a place in history, in mythology, and in science. 

The first association of a special gem with each month was recorded in the Bible, in Exodus 28 and 39. An original breastplate of the High Priest of the Hebrews was said to be made by Moses in 1250 BC, according to instructions he received during 40 days in the mountains. The twelve gems in the breastplate were later linked with the signs of the zodiac, and later still associated with the months in the year. The following describes the High Priest's breastplate: 

"It was square -- a span [22 centimetres] long and a span wide -- and folded double. Then they mounted four rows of precious stones on it. In the first row there was a ruby, a topaz and a beryl; in the second row a turquoise, a sapphire and an emerald; in the third row a jacinth, an agate and an amethyst; in the fourth row a chrysolite, an onyx and a jasper. They were mounted in gold filigree settings. There were twelve stones, one for each of the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the
name of one of the twelve tribes." (Old Testament, New International Version, Exodus, Chapter 39, vs. 9-14) 

The precise identification of some of these precious stones is uncertain. For example, if you turn to the same passage in the Revised Standard Version of Exodus, you'll find that diamonds, sardius, and carbuncle [another name for garnet] are also included in the list of twelve biblically significant gemstones.

Also, keep in mind that aquamarines and emeralds are forms of beryl; sardonyx is a form of onyx; and jacinth and chrysolite are also known as zircon and peridot, respectively.  

with permission of Earth & Sky 

The Modern Birthstone list contains the official birthstone list from the American National Association of Jewelers, and Jewelers of America. This is the accepted list officially adopted in 1912. 

The Traditional Birthstone list contains older birthstones. There are many differing lists of traditional birthstones.